Venus Climate Orbiter "AKATSUKI" (PLANET-C) Topics

Topics List

Sep. 5, 2017 Updated
Venus: Jet-setting atmosphere

Data from JAXA's Venus Climate Orbiter Akatsuki reports the evidence of a fast atmospheric flow near the planet's equator.

JAXA and the team of researchers from the Hokkaido University and others used images from the Akatsuki orbiter to track jet*-shaping strong winds in the low and middle cloud region, which extends from 45 to 60 kilometers in altitude. The wind speed maximized near the equator. They named this phenomenon Venusian equatorial jet.

Previously, the wind speed at this altitude was thought to be uniform*2, presenting little zonal and temporal variabilities. However, the findings seem to contradict the hypothesis and suggest that unexpected variability exists deep in the cloud layer.

Venus’ whole atmosphere is rotating much faster than the surface below at the altitude of the cloud top (70 km), a unique situation called superrotation. Its mechanism is still largely unclear. Theoretical and numerical analysis of the dynamics of Venusian equatorial jet and other observations will help solve the long-debated mysteries of superrotation on Venus.

*An astrophysical jet is an astronomical phenomenon where outflows of matter are emitted as an extended beam along the axis of rotation.

*2A state where there are hardly any horizontal variabilities.

Venus: Jet-setting atmosphere

Mar. 3, 2017 Updated
Two cameras on Akatsuki pause observations

JAXA decides that two of five cameras on-board Akatsuki (1-μm and 2-μm cameras) pause scientific observations. Other cameras (longwave-infrared camera, ultraviolet imager, and lightening and airglow camera) continue normal operation.
Although scientific observations by IR1 and IR2 are paused, JAXA continues investigation of possible recovery of two cameras. Attempts of switching ON these cameras will regularly be made with hope.
Figure: A localized vortex near the cloud base as imaged with IR2. Although similar vortices are seen in the earth atmosphere, this is seen for the first time in Venus' atmosphere.

Two cameras on Akatsuki pause observations

Jan. 17, 2017 Updated
Finding the cause of a bow-shaped feature on Venus

In December 2015, the longwave-infrared (LIR) camera mounted on the Venus Climate Orbiter "Akatsuki" discovered a bow-shaped feature stretching about 10,000 km in a north-south direction. This pattern remained in nearly the same place over the observation period of four days, without being affected by the easterly wind (super-rotation) in the Venus atmosphere. Examination using numerical simulations suggested that turbulence in the lower atmosphere generates waves that propagate through the atmosphere. The waves propagate north and south through the sky, creating a bow-like temperature distribution passing through the upper end of clouds at an altitude of about 65 km. This study showed that the state of Venus' lower atmosphere can be inferred from observations of its cloud tops.
This research result was published on 17 January 2017 in the online edition of the UK scientific journal Nature Geoscience.

Finding the cause of a bow-shaped feature on Venus

Jul. 29, 2016 Updated
Happy Birthday, Akatsuki!

On July 19, Akatsuki celebrated 1st Venus's year anniversary (a year on Venus is 225 Earth days). Akatsuki keeps working well and continues to gather lots of data. The four cameras aboard the Venus Climate Orbiter "Akatsuki" keep sending down images.

Happy Birthday, Akatsuki!

May 23, 2016 Updated
A movie of the Venus' night-side produced by IR2

This movie is produced from the IR2 2.26-μm images, acquired on 29 March 2016 at a distance of 0.36 million km. Original 4 images were acquired with 4-hour intervals from 16:03 JST (07:03 UT).

In 4 hours, the super-rotating clouds move by ~10 degrees. Such images are numerically derotated to produce intermediate images so that the resultant motion becomes smoother. Deformation, appearance and disapperance of clouds are obvious in this movie. As the mission enters the "nominal" observing phase, we plan to shorten the intervals to 2 hours or even shorter so the high-definition movies will definitely help understanding of the Venus atmosphere.

A movie of the Venus' night-side produced by IR2

Apr. 28, 2016 Updated
AKATSUKI onboard instruments to move to regular operation

JAXA decided to shift the operation mode of the five onboard instruments of AKATSUKI to the regular operation mode, namely 1μm camera (IR1), 2μm camera (IR2), Longwave IR camera (LIR), Ultraviolet image (UVI), and Ultra-stable Oscillator (USO).
Lightening and airglow camera (LAC) continues to be in the preparation mode for its conditions to be carefully coordinated.

[Message from Project Manager Masato Nakamura]
Thanks to your support, we were able to move the four cameras and the Ultra-sable Oscillator to regular operations. Thank you very much. We continuously acquire data for the world’s leading Venus research while we are aiming at early regular operation of the LAC. Please look forward to the operation and data acquisition of the Venus climate orbiter “AKATSUKI.”

Image: Night side of Venus taken by the IR2.
The night side image shows the whole of Venus, and the image captured the most detailed Venus state. We will closely and precisely study the 3D structure and movement of the Venus atmosphere by combining data of different wavelengths from other cameras.


AKATSUKI onboard instruments to move to regular operation

Apr. 1, 2016 Updated
AKATSUKI regular observation to begin in mid April

AKATSUKI has been performing test observations by turning on its onboard observation instruments one by one. The instruments are starting up normally, and we have already conducted successful observations that are equivalent to a “minimum success” (*), thus we will move to regular operations in mid April.

* Minimum success: The minimum goal for achieving a mission. For AKATSUKI, the minimum success is to capture Venus’s all-globe cloud structure by continuously acquiring image data (for every few hours) using some of its onboard cameras from Venus orbit.

Image: Test observation results by the Longwave IR camera (LIR) The image shows bow-shape clouds running from the Southern hemisphere to the Northern one of Venus. This is the first time to learn such a phenomenon.


AKATSUKI regular observation to begin in mid April

Dec. 9, 2015 Updated
AKATSUKI successfully inserted into Venus' orbit

As a result of measuring and calculating the AKATSUKI’s orbit after its thrust ejection on Dec. 7, JAXA found that the AKATSUKI was inserted into the Venus orbit.
We have already received images from three instruments whose function has already been confirmed, namely the Ultraviolet Imager (UVI), the Longwave IR camera (LIR), and the 1μm camera (IR1).
We will check the function of the three other scientific mission instruments and perform initial observation for about three months while gradually adjusting the orbit for shifting its elliptical orbit to the period of about nine days. The regular operation is scheduled to start in April, 2016.

Image: Venus taken by UVI on Dec. 7 (JST).

AKATSUKI successfully inserted into Venus' orbit

Dec. 7, 2015 Updated
AKATSUKI attitude control engine thrust operation performed as scheduled

JAXA performed the attitude control engine thrust operation of the Venus Climate Orbiter “AKATSUKI” for its Venus orbit insertion from 8:51 a.m. on December 7 (Japan Standard Time).
As a result of analyzing data transmitted from the orbiter, we confirmed that the thrust emission of the attitude control engine was conducted for about 20 minutes as scheduled!
The orbiter is now in good health. We are currently measuring and calculating its orbit after the operation. It will take a few days to estimate the orbit, thus we will announce the operation result once it is determined.
We welcome your support messages to the AKATSUKI mission and its project team members!

AKATSUKI attitude control engine thrust operation performed as scheduled

Dec. 7, 2015 Updated
Test image acquisition by AKATSUKI onboard cameras (on Dec. 1, 2015)

The AKATSUKI had been maintaining a safe posture by facing its mounting surface of the high-gain antenna toward the sun as that surface is relatively strong against heat. In that posture, the onboard cameras, which were stowed in the main body of the orbiter, were not able to change their view direction.
Since the end of November, 2015, even in that position, Venus came into the view of the cameras, and, on Dec. 1, three onboard cameras, Ultraviolet imager (UVI), 1μm camera (IR1) and Longwave IR camera (LIR),shot images of the planet. The distance between the AKATSUKI and Venus at that time was about 1.1 million kilometers, which is about three times that between the moon and the Earth. We were able to download the acquired ultraviolet images (wavelength 365 nm) by the UVI and near infrared image (wavelength 900 nm) by IR1 on Dec. 7, and confirmed that the image shooting went well.
Left image by UVI and right ones by IR1

Test image acquisition by AKATSUKI onboard cameras (on Dec. 1, 2015)

Nov. 9, 2015 Updated
AKATSUKI: Second attempt to enter Venus orbit

The Venus Climate Orbiter AKATSUKI will try to enter the orbit of Venus on Dec. 7 (Mon.) after five years of operation. We are welcoming support messages.
After AKATSUKI’s failure to enter Venus' orbit on Dec. 7, 2010, JAXA investigated the cause and considered a second attempt schedule while operating the satellite for a long period. Now, on Dec. 7, 2015, coincidentally the same day on the calendar as the previous attempt, we will perform the injection for the second time.
The AKATSUKI is in a good condition and it will take a few days of confirmation to know the result. Your support for the AKATSUKI and its project team members is very much appreciated.

AKATSUKI: Second attempt to enter Venus orbit

Aug. 31, 2015 Updated
AKATSUKI passed the perihelion

The Venus Climate Orbiter “AKATSUKI” flew at the closest point to the Sun, the perihelion, on its orbit at around 2:00 a.m. on Aug. 30, 2015. It is the ninth time of passing the perihelion since its launch in 2010. The AKATSUKI is still in a difficult state regarding the thermal environment, even after it flew away from the perihelion.
We will keep watching and checking the condition of the AKATSUKI’s onboard instruments very carefully.

AKATSUKI passed the perihelion

Aug. 5, 2015 Updated
AKATSUKI: Orbit successfully controlled

JAXA performed an orbit control maneuver for the Venus Climate Orbiter “AKATSUKI” in late July in preparation for its re-injection into the Venus orbit scheduled for Dec. 7, 2015. According to the analysis of telemetry data acquired up to Aug. 2, the orbit control and correction was successfully conducted as scheduled by 5:30 p.m. on August 4. (All dates and time are Japan Standard Time.)

AKATSUKI: Orbit successfully controlled

Jul. 9, 2015 Updated
AKATSUKI to perform fourth orbit control to Venus

The AKATSUKI will perform an orbit control for the fourth time (DV4: Delta Velocity 4) from July 17, targeting to be injected into the Venus orbit again in December 2015. The control will be divided into three performances.
The orbit control this time aims at correcting AKATSUKI’s orbit to one that is advantageous to its observations after being injected into the Venus orbit. We will use four attitude control engines on the upper part of the explorer this time to take this opportunity to also verify their performance for re-entry in December.

AKATSUKI to perform fourth orbit control to Venus

Feb. 6, 2015 Updated
AKATSUKI to be re-injected into Venus orbit on Dec. 7

After failing to be injected into the Venus orbit in Dec. 2010, JAXA has been carefully considering another injection attempt opportunity for the Venus Climate Orbiter “AKATSUK” to the Venus orbit when the orbiter meets Venus in the winter of 2015. As a result of detailed study, JAXA decided to inject the AKATSUKI into the orbit on December 7 (Mon.), 2015.
After being injected into the orbit, the AKATSUKI will observe the atmosphere of Venus, which is often referred to as a twin sister of the Earth, through remote sensing. Its observations are expected to develop "Planetary Meteorology" further by elucidating the atmospheric circulation mechanism and studying the comparison with the Earth.

AKATSUKI to be re-injected into Venus orbit on Dec. 7

Jan. 9, 2015 Updated
AKATSUKI heading to Venus again

The Venus Climate Orbiter “AKATUSKI” has been flying on an orbit in which it could meet Venus again in 2015 since it carried out orbit control maneuvers three times in 2011 after its failure to be injected into the target orbit due to damage to its main engine in Dec. 2010.
On the current orbit, the orbiter has been exposed to heat that is about three times hotter than that of the Earth, thus we are concerned if some instruments might have been damaged. Fortunately, the deterioration rate of the thermal insulation material has been subsided and we are now planning to control the AKATSUKI to inject it into the Venus orbit while monitoring the conditions of the orbiter including the temperature of each instrument and part.

AKATSUKI heading to Venus again

Jan. 31, 2012 Updated
AKATSUKI current status and future operation

JAXA decided to carry out orbit control of the AKATSUKI using its liquid-fuel thrusters for altitude control (or the reaction control subsystem, RCS.) Based on this decision, almost all of the unnecessary oxidizer was discarded in Oct. 2011. As a result, the satellite became lighter, and remaining fuel can be more efficiently used for orbit control.
In November 2011, orbit control operation at perihelion was performed three times using the RCS for the future rendezvous with Venus, and the orbit has been shifted as planned. The AKATSUKI is now flying on an orbit where it can meet with Venus in 2015(*).
The satellite has to be exposed to the extremely harsh thermal environment every time it passes through the perihelion until it is injected into the Venus orbit; therefore, we are operating the AKATSUKI with great care to maintain its condition.

(*) It is desirable to inject the satellite into the Venus orbit in 2016 from a scientific observation point of view because we can put the satellite in an orbit that is closer to the equator in 2016. However, as we take the satellite’s operational challenges after its design life into consideration, we keep comparing the insertion in 2015 and that in 2016 to finalize our plan in order to maximize our observation achievements while monitoring the satellite’s status.

Nov. 1, 2011 Updated
AKATSUKI orbit control at perihelion

For the rendezvous with Venus, JAXA performed the first orbit control of the Venus Climate Orbiter "AKATSUKI" using the attitude control thruster (or the reactor control system, RCS) at perihelion. The operation lasted about 10 minutes from 1:22 p.m. on November 1 (Japan Standard Time.)
We will analyze telemetry data acquired throughout the operation this time, then determine the next orbit for the second orbit control scheduled for Nov. 10.

Sep. 30, 2011 Updated
AKATSUKI scheduled to perform orbit maneuver in Nov. to meet with Venus

The Venus Climate Orbiter “AKATSUKI” (PLANET-C) conducted a trial jet thrust of its onboard orbit maneuver engine (OME) twice on September 7 and 14, but acceleration by the thrust was only about one ninth of expectations, and the generated thrust was also only about 40 Newton. With these results, we found that we cannot gain enough specific impulse for orbit maneuvering by the OME. Also, we suspect that the OME may have gradually been damaged; therefore, we decided not to use the OME. We will carry out the orbit maneuver using the reactoion control system (RCS) thruster to meet Venus in 2015. We plan to conduct a peri-Venus orbit maneuver in early November.

Drawing: Relative locations between Akatsuki, Venus and Earth at orbit maneuver (Sun orbit/Current orbit)

Sep. 30, 2011 Updated
AKATSUKI to perform orbit maneuver in Nov. to meet with Venus in 2015

The Venus Climate Orbiter “AKATSUKI” (PLANET-C) conducted a trial jet thrust of its onboard orbit maneuver engine (OME) twice on September 7 and 14, but acceleration by the thrust was only about one ninth of expectations, and the generated thrust was also only about 40 Newton.
With these results, we found that we cannot gain enough specific impulse for orbit maneuvering by the OME. Also, we suspect that the OME may have gradually been damaged; therefore, we decided not to use the OME. We will carry out the orbit maneuver using the reactoion control system (RCS) thruster to meet Venus in 2015. We plan to conduct a peri-Venus orbit maneuver in early November.
Drawing: Relative locations between Akatsuki, Venus and Earth at orbit maneuver/ Sun orbit (current orbit)

Sep. 15, 2011 Updated
AKATSUKI: Second orbit maneuver engine test result

JAXA conducted the second jet thrust test(*1) from the orbit maneuver engine (OME) aboard the Venus Climate Orbiter "AKATSUKI" (PLANET-C) on Sept. 14 (Japan Standard Time.) Through analysis of acquired test data, we found that acceleration by the jet thrust was less than the expected value similarly to the first test result.
Based on those test results, we would like to study the measures to be taken.
The satellite is in condition after the second test.
*1: The second test aimed at reconfirming the status of the jet thrust from the OME. The test duration was about five seconds as planned.

Sep. 14, 2011 Updated
AKATSUKI: Second orbit maneuver engine test

JAXA performed the second jet thrust(*1) test from the orbit maneuver engine (OME) aboard the Venus Climate Orbiter "AKATSUKI" (PLANET-C) at the scheduled time of 11:50 a.m. on Sept. 14 (Japan Standard Time) as part of studying an orbit change plan for the AKATSUKI to meet with Venus. We have confirmed the jet thrust from the OME.
We will analyze acquired telemetry data, and study the orbit change plan of the AKATSUKI.
*1: The second test aimed at reconfirming the status of the jet thrust from the OME. The planned test duration was about five seconds.

Sep. 9, 2011 Updated
AKATSUKI: Second orbit maneuver engine test plan changed

JAXA performed the first test jet thrust(*1) from the orbit maneuver engine (OME) aboard the Venus Climate Orbiter “AKATSUKI” (PLANET-C) on Sept. 7 as part of studying an orbit change plan for the AKATSUKI to meet with Venus. Through this test, we found that acceleration by the jet thrust was less than the expected value; therefore, we decided to shorten the time duration of the second test(*2) slated for Sept. 14 to about 5 seconds because the originally expected acceleration value was the baseline for the second test. We will jet the thrust for about five seconds again to reconfirm the thrusting condition of the OME.
The satellite is in good condition after the first test jet thrust.
*1: Test thrust aimed at quantitatively understanding postural disturbance (including horizontal thrust.) The thrust duration was two seconds as planned.
*2: The second test originally aimed to verify the attitude control logic. The planned thrust duration was 20 seconds.

Sep. 7, 2011 Updated
AKATSUKI: First test thrust from orbit maneuver engine

JAXA carried out the first test jet thrust(*1) from the orbit maneuver engine (OME) aboard the Venus Climate Orbiter "AKATSUKI" (PLANET-C) as part of studying an orbit change plan for the AKATSUKI to visit Venus.We have confirmed that the OME jetted out thrust at 11:50 a.m. on September 7 (Japan Standard Time.)
We will analyze the acquired telemetry data and prepare for the second test jet thrust(*2) scheduled for Sept. 14 (JST.)

*1: Test thrust aimed at quantitatively understanding postural disturbance (including horizontal thrust.) The planned thrust duration was two seconds.
*2: The second test aims to verify the attitude control logic. The planned thrust duration is 20 seconds.

Jul. 4, 2011 Updated
AKATSUKI set to try and enter orbit of Venus in November 2015

JAXA made the following report at the AKATSUKI’s third investigation meeting for the Space Activities Commission on June 30.
As a result of analysis and verifications of the AKATSUKI’s anomaly cause estimated at the first and second investigation meetings, the highest possibility was found to be damage to the thruster nozzle of the orbit maneuver engine due to closure of the check valve during the orbit injection maneuver.
We will determine if we can reignite the damaged thruster nozzle through a ground test as well as an emission test of the onboard engine. Based on the results of these tests, we will prepare for an orbit injection maneuver to Venus hoping for the AKATSUKI to meet with Venus in November 2015.
Photo: A firing test for Venus orbit injection

Dec. 10, 2010 Updated
AKATSUKI takes images of Venus during functional verification

JAXA is currently investigating the failure cause of the Venus orbit injection of the Venus Climate Orbiter “AKATSUKI.” During the course of the orbiter functional verification after data acquisition at the periVenus, we were able to obtain some Venus images captured by the AKATSUKI at around 9:00 a.m. on Dec. 9 (Japan Standard Time.)
(Images: from left, an image shot by the UVI, IR1, and LIR. The images are artificially colored: The UVI image with blue, and the IR1 image with orange.)

Dec. 8, 2010 Updated
AKATSUKI Venus orbit injection plan to be reviewed

JAXA found that we have failed to inject the Venus Climate Orbiter "AKATSUKI" into the planned Venus orbit after conducting the Venus orbit insertion maneuver (VOI-1) on December 7. While we set up a new investigation team to study the cause and countermeasures, we will also review the Venus orbit injection plan again to take the next opportunity in six years when the AKATSUKI flies closest to Venus.

Dec. 8, 2010 Updated
AKATSUKI Venus observation orbit injection result

JAXA conducted the Venus orbit insertion maneuver (VOI-1) for the Venus Climate Orbiter "AKATSUKI" at 8:49 a.m. on December 7 (Japan Standard Time,) but, unfortunately, we have found that the orbiter was not injected into the planned orbit as a result of orbit estimation. The "AKATSUKI" was launched from the Tanegashima Space Center on May 21.
JAXA has set up an investigation team to study the cause of the failure.
We will update you with the investigation results and AKATSUKI operation status on the web.

Nov. 18, 2010 Updated
Date of AKATSUKI injection to Venus orbit

JAXA decided to emit jets from the orbital maneuvering engine (OME) of the AKATSUKI at 8:49:00 a.m. on Dec. 7 (Japan Standard Time, all the following dates and time are in JST) to inject the orbiter into the Venus orbit. Under the current schedule, the OME jet emission will be completed at 9:01:00 a.m. on the same day, and the Venus orbit will be determined around 9:00 p.m. also on the same day after some attitude control maneuvers including the Earth pointing maneuver of the Z axis.
The AKATSUKI will study the Venus atmosphere for about two years after being injected into the Venus orbit.

Oct. 25, 2010 Updated
AKATSUKI takes images of Sagittarius using its onboard cameras

On October 8, the onboard cameras of the AKATSUKI took images of a part of Sagittarius. For this image shooting, we made the AKATSUKI face its cameras' installed side to Sagittarius while the explorer was communicating with the Usuda Deep Space Center, and took images by activating the Longwave IR camera (IRC,) Ultraviolet Image (UVI,) 1µ m camera (IR1,) and 2µ m camera (IR2.)
The AKATSUKI onboard cameras can capture invisible light such as ultraviolet or infrared rays. Thus Sagittarius shot by the UVI, which observes ultraviolet rays, and the IR1, which catches infrared rays, looks different from what the human eye can see.
Concerning the LIR and IR2, it was predicted in advance that they could not detect a star under the observed wave-length region and temperature conditions of the observation this time. We, therefore, confirmed that each camera works properly according to their respective functional conditions.

Jul. 6, 2010 Updated
AKATSUKI successfully controls orbit by the world's first ceramic thruster

On June 28 (Japan Standard Time,) the Venus Climate Orbiter “AKATSUKI” successfully jetted the thrust of 500 Newton by its orbital maneuvering engine (OME) at a distance of 14.6 million km from the Earth or 1.06 Astronomical Units (AU) from the sun. The OME was a newly developed ceramic thruster made of silicon nitride (Si3N4.) It is the first time in the world to successfully generate the thrust by the ceramic thruster in space.
This engine is mainly used for retrofiring when the orbiter enters the Venus orbit, and the verification this time enabled us to confirm that the orbit control was carried out as scheduled.
The next orbit control is scheduled to be in early November, and the orbiter will be at the closest point to Venus and injected into the Venus orbit on December 7 (JST.)

May 23, 2010 Updated
AKATSUKI flying smoothly!

On May 21, JAXA confirmed that the Venus Climate Orbiter "AKATSUKI,"
launched by the H-IIA F17, successfully performed a sequence of scheduled operations such as the deployment of the solar array paddles and sun acquisition.

We have also received earth images taken by the AKATSUKI while verifying the condition of onboard devices at about 250,000 km above the Earth at around 8:50 p.m. on May 21.

May 21, 2010 Updated
AKATSUKI successfully launched!!

The H-IIA Launch Vehicle No. 17 (H-IIA F17) with the Venus Climate Orbiter "AKATSUKI" onboard was launched at 6:58:22 a.m. on May 21 (Japan Standard Time) from the Tanegashima Space Center. The H-IIA F17 flew smoothly, and, at 27 minutes and 29 seconds after liftoff, the AKATSUKI was separated from the H-IIA.
We will update you with the latest information on the AKATSUKI on the special site.
(Photo: Mitsubishi Heavy Industries)

May 18, 2010 Updated
AKATSUKI/IKAROS Launch rescheduled to 6:58 a.m. on the 21st (Fri)

The launch of the Venus Climate Orbiter "AKATSUKI" and the Small Solar Power Demonstrator "IKAROS" by the H-IIA Launch Vehicle No. 17 was rescheduled at 6:58:22 a.m. on May 21 (Fri. Japan Standard Time, JST) after carefully studying the weather conditions.

Accordingly, the live launch report will begin at 6:30 a.m. on May 21(Fri., JST.) The report will be broadcast not only through the Internet, but also at JAXA i, Sagamihara Campus and other public viewing locations including some universities. You can also watch it through some CATV and cell phone providers.

May 10, 2010 Updated
AKATSUKI and IKAROS moved to VAB

On May 9, the encapsulated Venus Climate Orbiter "AKATSUKI" and the Small Solar Power Sail Demonstrator "IKAROS" were transported to the Vehicle Assembly Building (VAB), where the H-IIA Launch Vehicle No. 17 was waiting for their payloads. They will be loaded onto the launch vehicle, and the final inspection will be carried out to be ready for the launch on the 18th.

May 6, 2010 Updated
AKATSUKI encapsulated in the fairing

On May 4, the Venus Climate Orbiter "AKATSUKI" and the Small Solar Power Sail Demonstrator "IKAROS" were encapsulated in the fairing at the Spacecraft and Fairing Assembly Building (SFA) at the Tanegashima Space Center (TNSC.) The fairing covers the payloads to protect them from air resistance, friction heat, and acoustic vibrations during launch.

The encapsulated payloads will be transported to the Vehicle Assembly Building and loaded on to the H-IIA Launch Vehicle No. 17.

Apr. 30, 2010 Updated
AKATSUKI mated with the PAF

On April 30, the Venus Climate Orbiter "AKATSUKI" was mated with the Payload Attach Fitting (PAF,) which connects the AKATSUKI and the launch vehicle, at the Spacecraft and Fairing Assembly Building (SFA) at the Tanegashima Space Center (TNSC.)
The Small Solar Power Sail Demonstrator "IKAROS," a co-payload of the AKATSUKI, has already been packed in the PAF.
The AKATSUKI will be encapsulated in the fairing, and transported to the Vehicle Assembly Building (VAB) to be loaded onto the H-IIA Launch Vehicle No. 17.

Mar. 19, 2010 Updated
AKATSUKI arrives at the Tanegashima Space Center

The Venus Climate Orbiter "AKATSUKI," which left the Sagamihara Campus on March 17, arrived at the Spacecraft Test and Assembly Building 2 (STA2) in the Tanegashima Space Center at 5:30 p.m. on the 19th.

Mar. 18, 2010 Updated
AKATSUKI leaves for Tanegashima

The Venus Climate Orbiter "AKATSUKI" left the Sagamihara Campus for theTanegashima Space Center (TNSC) on the evening of March 17.
The AKATSUKI will be delivered to the TNSC on the 19th. It will undergo final launch preparations there.

Mar. 12, 2010 Updated
AKATSUKI open to the media at Sagamihara Campus

On March 12, the Venus Climate Orbiter "AKATSUKI" and the Small Solar Power Sail Demonstrator "IKAROS" were displayed to the media at the Sagamihara Campus.
The two payloads will be transported to the Tanegashima Space Center to be ready for launch.

Mar. 3, 2010 Updated
"AKATSUKI" launch date set! Special site open

The launch time and day of the H-IIA Launch Vehicle No. 17 (H-IIA F17) has been set for 6:44:14 a.m. on May 18. The H-IIA will carry the Venus Climate Orbiter "AKATSUKI," the Small Solar Power Sail Demonstrator "IKAROS," and four other small satellites to space.
The AKATSUKI special website opens today to keep you updated about its preparation status before its arrival to the Venus orbit. Please enjoy the site.

Feb. 10, 2010 Updated
Thank you very much for participating in the AKATSUKI message campaign

We have received many support messages from all over the world for the "AKATSUKI" message campaign, which was completed on January 10. The number of participants reached 260,214 people in total including those who registered through the Internet and those who signed up as a group from local areas, schools and science museums. We have also received messages from some celebrities. The messages will be printed on an aluminum plate, and attached to the body of the AKATSUKI. The satellite will then be transferred to the Tanegashima Space Center for launch preparations.

Dec. 17, 2009 Updated
AKATSUKI message campaign over New Year holidays!

JAXA is currently holding a message campaign to carry your name and message to Venus by placing them on the Venus Climate Orbiter "AKATSUKI."
We have so far received massages from some well-known people including Minister Sakihito Ozawa of the Ministry of the Environment, and Astronaut Koichi Wakata and his fellow crewmembers of the STS-127. We have also received a lot of messages from groups. In the case of a group message, the image of written messages of your group on paper will be printed as it is.
The deadline for accepting messages has been extended till January 10 (Sun.,) 2010 (Japan Standard Time.) Why don’t you send a message with your family members or friends during the New Year holidays?

Nov. 30, 2009 Updated
AKATSUKI revealed to the public
Less than a month remains to send an onboard message

On Nov. 27, the Venus Climate Orbiter "AKATSUKI" was revealed to the press at the Flight Environment Test Building at the JAXA Sagamihara Campus. Comprehensive tests on the AKATSUKI will be continued further to be ready for its launch.
The AKATSUKI Message Campaign has already passed the halfway mark, and less than a month remains to send in your messages. For those who have not sent us a message, we are looking forward to hearing from you! One unique feature of the campaign this time is that the image of written messages of your group on paper will be printed as it is in the case of a group message. Why don't you send a group message, such as from a school or an office, on one piece of paper?

Oct. 23, 2009 Updated
We will deliver your message to the bright star Venus

The Venus Climate Orbiter "AKATSUKI" (PLANET-C,) which is scheduled to be launched in Japan Fiscal Year 2010, will reach the orbit of Venus about half a year after its launch. It is scheduled to explore the Venus atmosphere for some two years. JAXA will deliver your name and message to Venus on this Venus explorer. We accept messages both from individuals and from a group such as a message from a school or a work place. Please participate in the message campaign by yourself, with your family, or with your friends.We are looking forward to receiving your thoughts. We will accept your messages up to December 25.

Jun. 1, 2009 Updated
Comprehensive tests start on PLANET-C

The PLANET-C project team started comprehensive tests in June. During testing, we first temporarily assemble all the parts to inspect the satellite comprehensively, disassemble it to check the components individually, then reassemble all the devices and components again to carry out various tests.

Photo: A container carrying the satellite structure is being brought into the test facility.

Jan. 6, 2009 Updated
Operations start for 2009

The satellite disassembly continues after the New Year holidays. The top photo show the removal of the 2μm infrared camera for observation (IR2) from the upper panel. Many pieces of equipment had been installed on the upper panel, but most of them were already removed. You can see the removed cameras on the table in the bottom photo. From the near side, they are the Ultra Violet Imager (UVI, a black camera under the blue plate), the 1μm Infrared Camera (IR1), the Longwave IR Camera (LIR, in a clear case) and the Lightening and Airflow Camera (LAC, wrapped in a golden sheet.)

Dec. 26, 2008 Updated
Operations for 2008 completed

On Dec. 23, we tested the observation cameras by turning all five cameras on and sending actual observation commands to them to check if all the cameras worked properly. The top photo shows that the 1μm infrared camera was lit. In the photo, the structure with a white disk-shaped antenna at the top is the main body of the PLANET-C. As the solar array paddles were removed, the white round antenna that had been covered before was revealed. The cameras were attached at the right edge on the near side. There is a bright light instead of Venus in front of the cameras, thus a silhouette of the satellite is clear on the back wall.

On December 25, various tests were completed, and the satellite was started to be disassembled. The bottom photo shows that the upper panel was carefully being removed from the satellite’s main body.

Dec. 18, 2008 Updated
First integration test underway

Since October 1, 2008, JAXA has been carrying out the first integration test for the PLANET-C. The test takes about three months to build up the satellite with most of the parts of the flight model into almost the launch configuration. The test is being held in the big clean room, and it is a very important test to verify mechanical and electric integration and function in the quasi launch configuration. It has been spectacular to witness all the individually developed parts and observation devices collected in one room to be set up as the satellite.
The top photo shows the testing scene, and the upper panel to which many parts including the observation equipment are attached is on the right hand side, and the black cylinder on the left is a thrust tube that supports the propellant tank. On December 8 and 9, the satellite was built up. The upper panel and lower panel of the orbiter were attached, and it now looks like a satellite. After performing various tests with the integrated satellite, it will be disassembled again at the end of this month, then each part will be adjusted, if necessary, and individually tested further.
The lower photo is the completed PLANET-C. Four observation cameras are installed on the right hand side of the satellite. They are the Long-wave IR camera, the Ultraviolet imager, the 1µm camera, and 2μm camera (from the top to the bottom.) The object looks like an arm holding the head is a folded solar array paddle.

Jul. 9, 2008 Updated
Small secondary satellites to be launched with "PLANET-C" selected

On July 3, 2008, JAXA held the "Selection Committee Meeting for Small Secondary Payloads Launched with PLANET-C," and the following four satellites were chosen as candidates for a piggyback launch with PLANET-C by H-IIA.

  • WASEDA-SAT2 (Waseda University)
  • Atmospheric Water Vapor Observation Satellite (Kagoshima University)
  • Negai (Soka University)
  • UNITEC-1 (UNISEC, University Space Energy Consortium)


Among them, UNITEC-1 will be the world's first satellite developed by a non-space organization to travel to Venus.

May 17, 2006 Updated
Developing a high-performance detector for seeing through the real surface of Venus

One of the five cameras aboard the Venus Climate Orbiter "PLANET-C" is the "IR2," whose observation target is infrared rays that are about two micron in wavelength. It aims to measure the high-temperature atmosphere of Venus under thick clouds, its movement, and distribution of its trace components. In other words, the IR2 is a camera that can see through the real surface of Venus. The IR2 is made of materials suitable for infrared ray observations (manufactured by Nikon) and its photo-taking device (element) which is equivalent to a CCD in a digital camera is made of Platinum Silicide (PtSi) element (manufactured by Mitsubishi Electric.)

The PtSi element is one million pixels (1024 x 1024). We are very proud of its high performance, which is far superior to commercially sold digital cameras or video cameras. It can work stably in the harsh environment of space with an excellent ability to capture both dark and bright objects (dynamic range) and a very high accuracy of measurement (linearity.) Currently, one million pixels is the highest level for this type of camera.

The PtSi detector shown in the photo is a trial piece. The one million pixel (1024 x 1024) light receiving surface is about 17 mm x 17 mm in size and attached to the IC package. We have already acquired satisfactory results for this element through a cooling evaluation test. In May 2006, we began to manufacture the prototype and flight model elements by slightly modifying the design of the trial piece.

The "IR2" and the other onboard infrared camera, "IR1," are the main cameras of the orbiter. Although the two cameras target different observation wavelength ranges, their elements are almost the same. In addition to the lenses and elements, the camera unit itself, equipped with a cooling device for both the IR1 and the IR2, is developed by a Japanese precision equipment manufacturer (Sumitomo Heavy Industries, Ltd.) thus they are being developed 100% domestically.

It is not easy for Japan to challenge the space development field by itself, as Japan lags behind Western countries. Still, we believe that we can accumulate knowledge through the challenge to sophisticate our own advanced technologies and promote our cutting-edge space science. Therefore both the engineers and scientists are working together for this development.

Aug. 29, 2005 Updated
Developing an infrared camera to explain mysteries of volcanoes and "super rotation of the atmosphere"

The Venus explorer, Planet C, was developed to observe the atmospheric movement of Venus by taking images of lights in various frequencies using five onboard cameras. By doing so, we try to elucidate the "super rotation of the atmosphere" that is the biggest mystery of meteorology in the solar system. Super rotation is a phenomenon where the atmosphere of Venus rotates about 60 times faster than Venus' rotation. (The Venus rotation period is 243 days, whereas the atmosphere is 4 days.) The IR1 Camera, designed to capture infrared lights in one micron range wavelength, can carry out observations both day and night to contribute to the clarification of the mystery.

During the day time, the IR1 will detect atmospheric movement in lower clouds, catching the deranged light of the Sun from the cloud layer (45 to 65 km) covering all of the surface of Venus. In the night, we plan to make it observe material compositions on the surface of Venus and look for an active volcano. It is well known that there are traces of volcanic activity on Venus, but no active volcano has been found yet. The observation team has high expectations of finding an active volcano, because, if we succeed, we can obtain clues to learn about the inside of Venus and its evolution.

When we observe the night side of Venus, strong sunlight obstructs observation activities. Therefore, a sun shield cylinder plays an important role to protect our observation data by cutting off sunlight. The photo shows the testing of a new sun shield cylinder consisting of square and round shaped boards (in the big darkroom at the Usuda Deep Space Center in Nagano.)

Apr. 13, 2005 Updated
Lightning and airglow camera (LAC) becomes drastically lighter

The Venus probe "PLANET-C" is equipped with five cameras, one of which is the first lightening and airglow camera (LAC) for a planet-probing mission in the world. The LAC can shoot 50,000 times per second using its high-speed mechanism to ensure it captures the precise moment when lightning strikes. (People think that we can see lightening flashes with our naked eyes, but it is actually through persistence of vision.)
The camera also has an "automatic event detection" function to determine if lightening really took place. This function is a unique feature to sort out only "real" lightning data from a large amount of trial image data.
In order to pass very strict weight constraints, the LAC design was modified in the fall of 2004, and we successfully reduced its weight by more than 70 percent (from about 5.2 kilograms to about 1.5 kilograms.) We have been verifying the possibility by using a prototype to change the image-pickup element (pixels) from MCP (Micro Channel Plate) to APD (Avalanche Photodiode), which is a more reliable and durable element.
The development team holds high expectations that the LAC will end a dispute over the "existence of lightning and electric discharging on Venus" which has been debated for more than 20 years.



Outline of the Lightning and Airglow Camera (The latest version, Spring 2005)

1) LAC before design change (left)
2) External view of the LAC after design change (center) and the optical system (right)
As the new design does not have a hood to shield it from sunlight or reflections from clouds over Venus, it will carry out observations only when the PLANET-C is in the night side of Venus.
3) Arrangement of filters on the light receiving side
By dividing the detector's light receiving side in five, five kinds of filters of which each penetrates specific wavelengths of light, are attached directly to the image-pickup elements (pixels) to shoot different observation targets pixel by pixel. In the new design, we do not need the filter rotation mechanism, and that greatly contributed to make the camera lighter.

Oct. 20, 2004 Updated
Designing a prototype model of a probe

The Planet-C project, which was officially started this past April, is now at the stage of designing a prototype model of a probe.

Planet C is equipped with five special onboard cameras for measuring infrared lights and ultraviolet rays in various wavelengths to observe from the surface to the upper atmosphere of Venus. For observation purposes, it is challenge to keep the inside temperature of the probe cool. Infrared lights are also known as “heat rays”, and a device may not be able to measure properly if it becomes too hot.

Venus is 40 million kilometers closer to the Sun than the Earth. Therefore, the prerequisites to control the thermal environment for a Venus probe are far stricter than for a satellite cycling around the Earth. More specifically, the project faces challenges to design a more efficient method to release heat from the probe into space (thermal structure design) and to control the heat generated by onboard equipment. We need to adopt some parts that do not have any history of use in the space development area, thus we are carefully carrying out radiation exposure tests.

The development team, consisting of research institutes and manufacturers across Japan, is working hard to achieve future applications for Earth observation missions.

* Photo : The photo is a test image taken by a model device for evaluating the performance of one of the onboard cameras, the mid-infrared camera. The photographed subjects are two black boards whose temperatures are slightly different. The temperature difference is clearly shown in the photo. On the upper left side, you can see a camera called a “non-cooling bolometer” with a new detector that enables it to perform infrared measurements without being cooled down. Thanks to this new detector, the camera becomes much smaller than the conventional one that requires a system to cool a detector. We expect that the camera will elucidate the temperature and movement of clouds around Venus.

Feb. 27, 2004 Updated
JAXA to manufacture "trial model" of probe

The PLANET-C Project Team has been engaging in the initial design of the probe and development of a set of observation cameras for Venus. Many of the cameras are embedded with high pixel infrared sensors. Therefore, many tests, including radiation exposure, were carried out to verify their reliability in a space environment and to maximize their performance.
In order to acquire emissions of thin infrared or thunder lights from the atmosphere or ground surface on the night side of Venus, the development of a high-performance "hood" is critical to eliminate the impact of strong sunlight. It is also imperative to maintain a cool temperature inside the probe to accurately measure infrared lights that are called "heat rays". A more proficient design and structure is required for the Venusian orbit probe to dissipate heat to space as it travels much closer to the sun than earth orbit satellites.
The designing is almost completed, and we will begin to develop and manufacture the trial model of the probe in April 2004. We are now fully prepared for moving to the next step.

* Photo : Infrared cameras under development. Universities and research institutes, including Hokkaido University, Tohoku University, National Institute of Polar Research, Tokyo University, Osaka Prefecture University, and Kumamoto University, participate in the development of scientific observation equipment such as a set of infrared cameras.

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